In the marine and offshore sector, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has become indispensable for estimating hydrodynamic drag forces acting on submerged and floating structures. CFD is extensively applied in ship hull design, where it helps to evaluate … This is in drag estimation evaluate viscous and pressure drag under different speeds and sea states. By simulating turbulent flow and wake formation, designers can refine hull geometry to minimize resistance and improve fuel efficiency. Similarly, in offshore platforms such as jackets, semi‑submersibles, and spars, CFD is used to estimate drag on legs, braces, and submerged components exposed to waves and currents. These analyses guide structural design and stability assessments for extreme ocean environments.